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  -2024
  

 (i)      (     )
:    :75
:    ,             
         
-
1. ''       ?        
   
2.          ?  
-
3.    :
()      
(b)     
(c)  -     AAA
()             
4. , , -, -  -     
         
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-
5.    :
()      
()         
(c)        
() ..        
6.             
-
7.      ?           
     
8.              
  
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  -2024
  

 (i)      (     )
:    :75
:    ,             
          
-
1. ''       ?        
   
:               
     - "  ", "  ", "   "
                  ,  
 
,     ,           
                 , ,
,             , ""    
          
    :        -    , -  ,  
  ,               
   -  
 1:   ?
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  ,              
  ,                 
         
  :
  ” →     ,     
    ” →     ,     
,          ,     
,      :
1.  ()
2.  ()
 2:  -  
   ,             
  ,  
  :    ,       
 , 
  :   , ,    ,  , 
  ,  =  + 
 3:  -  
,  -        -        
 , -        
               
  :
 " "          -    
  ,     ,       
Easy2Siksha.com
""          - ,    
 ,  =         
 4:  
                    ,
         ,       
     
1.      (         ),   
 (      )
2.        (    ),     ( 
   )
 5:      
   :
 1:     
:    (, , , )      
 -  ", ,  "
 :     (  ,  )     
    -     
:     ( ,  ,    )     
    -    
 :       (     )    , 
     -      
,      ()  ,        
 ( )
 2: “
   ""       - , , 
     
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    "  ",     (    )    
(  ,   )
   "..    ",         
    
        ..    
             
       ?  =  ?
 6:    ?
    , " ,  -       
  ?"
  :   
       ,         ,  
      ()         ( )  
              
  :
    ""   ( "     ")  
  ,  ""       
     "" ,           ,
          
,                 
  
 7:    - 
    :
        ( , "")   
  - , , , 
,            ("  ")   () 
 ,   ( )     -       
       ("    "),       

                  
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 8:  ''   
,   ""  ,              
             :
 (, )
 ( , , )
        
 9:     - 
        
          
 ,     : "   " →     (
)
   :    30     ,    (
    )
 :       ” →  ,  
 : “   ,         ,  
   -        !
        -           
 10: 
       :
                
    (   )   (        )  
    :     ,      ,
  
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       ,      ,     
  -      -    ,      , 
  ( )     
  ,         ,     
       
2.          ?  
:         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
    ,   ,            
   :
  ,    
   , “,    
            ,      
             
     ,            
             
         ,          
  
󹺢    ?
  ,            :
1.    (A = A)
o ,      
o :         ,  
    ,  
2.    (A          A  not-A   
)
o              
o :           
3.     (  A  -A,    )
o         ;      
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o :    ,         
               
,       
󷇮󷇭       
                 

1.    (  )
        
  ""  ,       ,     
    ,   ,    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:       ,       
2.    (  )
       "   "  "    "   
 ,    
      
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:               
3.    (   )
                  :
      ?
: “      ,    
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:          
4.     
 -       
:
o     ()
o    .
o ,    (-  +  )
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󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    ,    
5.   
         - , , , 
        ,       ,    
  ,     
       
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 
     ,         
1.    
...               

:   ,            
       
2.   
 ,      ('  '  )   
,      
:    ,   ;    ,    ;  
   ,        ,    
             
3.    
  ,          (   
  )
           
:   ,          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
    ,             
   :       ,        
     
     
              
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        ,          
   
󽆪󽆫󽆬
  ,          
        ,       
   ,            -
         ,         
  
-
3.    :
()      
(b)     
(c)  -     AAA
()             
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌:     
              
   ,   "   "       -  
 ,           : "   
  ,      "
,                  , 
           ,   ,    
AAA  ,            -
     -      
()      
󷊆󷊇  ?
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                     
                   
         :



(   ,    )




(    ,       )
 "  !"  "   !"           
    -     
,  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       -  (S)   (P)       
 
󷊆󷊇    
         :
1. (         ):
o :      :   
o :       :     
2. (             ):
o :      :   
o :       :  
o :     :   
󷊆󷊇    
      ,      ,    A, E,
I, O     :
1. A ( )– “ S, P :   
2. E ( )– “  S, P  :      
3. I ( )– “ S, P :  
4. O ( )– “ S, P  :    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔                  
     
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(b)     
      ( )        
             :
:   
 :   
:   
  -         ,       ,
            
󷊆󷊇   
1.    
     -    :
o   (P):   
o   (S):   
o   ():    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
2.      
          
(  ,                ,
  S  P     )
3.       
       ,         , 
    ,       
4.      
          (  - " "
 " "  ,        )
5.      
         (     , 
  )
6.   
o     ,      
o      ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         -    ,    
    
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(c)     -AAA
       :    AAA
󷊆󷊇AAA-1  
 :  M, P
 :  S, M 
:  S, P
󷊆󷊇
  (M)  (P)
  (S)  (M)
,   (S)  (P)
󷊆󷊇  
     :
1.    -    (),  (),  () 󷄧󼿒
2.  – “ S, M M   󷄧󼿒
3.  - P    ,       󷄧󼿒
4.  -   ,   󷄧󼿒
 ,     AAA  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
(d)   II  IV         
              
            (M)        
   -      
󷊆󷊇  ( )
 : , 
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 : , 
 : , 
 : , 
           
󷊆󷊇
   
1.    ( E  O)   
2.           
3.      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 : , , , 
:
    (P)    (M) 
  (S)  (P) 
,     (S)    (M) 
󷊆󷊇   
1.    ,      
2.     ,     
3.           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   : , , , 
:
  (P)  (M)
   ()   ()   
,      (S)  (P)  
󷊆󷊇   
             , 
         
           
  ,           
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󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌:   
                 :
 
     
-1             
               
 ,    ,            
              -   , - 
  ,       
4. , , -, -  -     
         
:    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
                
     ,  -         
            ,     ;   
,    
                
         
󹺢 
  ,           ,   A, E, I, O (
AffIrmo  nEgO )     :
1. ( ): S, P :   
2. ( ):   S, P  :       
3.  ( ): S, P :  
4. ( ): S, P  :   
               :
  : A
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  : E
  : I
  : O
           
󷇮󷇭  
        :
1.  (A O, E I)
:                 
    ,        
:
o A ( S, P ) ↔ O ( S, P  )
o E (  S, P  ) ↔ I ( S, P )
:
o :    
o O:      A  , O    (    , A
 ,  O  )
:           -     ,  

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :        ,     
2.  (A E)
:             ,     
 
:
o A ( S, P ) ↔ E (  S, P  )
:
o :   
o E:                
      (    , )
:        -      ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :        -    
  
3. - (I O)
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:  -          ,     

:
o I ( S, P ) ↔ O ( S, P  )
:
o :  
o O:            (  -
  )        (    
   ,   )
:- -      -       ,    
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :        -  -  
 
4.  (A → I, E → O)
:         ,   

:
o A ( S, P ) → I ( S, P )
o E (  S, P  ) → O ( S, P  )
:
o A:  
o I:   A  , I       I  ,
A       
:     ,     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       -   , 
 
5.  (I → A, O → E)
:           

:
o    
o O  E 
:
o  I:     ,  , A:     
,     
:    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :         
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󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   :   
       :
:    :    
:     
:        
:    
:    
   :
 A  , O     ( )
 E  , I     ( )
A  E     ,     ()  
I  O     ,     (-)  
 A  , I      ()
 I  , A     ()
              
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
      ,     :
1.   :            
     
2.   :            
  ( ,   )      
3.  :  ,      ,   
     
 ,     ,        
                   
󽆪󽆫󽆬
            , , -,
              
 ,   -    ,         
   
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-
5.    :
()      
()         
(c)        
() ..        
: 󷊆󷊇   -  

            :
                 , 
    ,      ?
        ,      
          ?
         ,        
   ?
          ,      ;       
    ,       
              , , ,
,               ,
        
  -     
()      -
           :
1.  (  , , ,       )
2.  (         
 )
,               
    ,            

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 ,        - 
, ,  , , ,     - 
              
 - :
o          ?
o             ?
o          
 ?
o    
       ?
o             
 ?
 ,                
   ;    
()     
  
          
   ,            ,  
                  
      , "    "
      ;           
        
              
     
   , "          " 
 ,   ,            
      () 
 ,           ,
       ,        
         
,       ,      
,     
 ,               :  
   ,    ,        
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()       
   18             , 
,   -             
     !
 -      , "    
        "
 
    ,      :
  ,          

          ""   
      , ,    (  
   )    
  ,                 ,
     
,                
          :     
,        ,      

() ..       
  ,   ,       ,     
    , "      !"
            ,    -
     ,          
     
     , "         "
              
 
              
       ,       
 
 ,               
   
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󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    -     
           
       ,     ,   
    
            
             -   
      
                  
 :
    :      ,      

    :             
   
    :    -   ,     
       
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸
    ;             
-    -    :
      
         
        
             
      ,           
    ,  ,       
6.             
:       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
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                 
          :
         ()   
                () 
 
               
            
  ,         ?       ,
                 
󹺢     
 (1724-1804),         ,     
,          ,    
  
  :    ,  ,     

  :     ,        
     :       ,    -
      
󷇮󷇭         
1.  
       ,   
,               
      
:             ;     
         ,     ,   

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    ,   
2.  

                

               ,  
           ,    
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:             ,
               
,    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     ,   
3.  
               :
 :"  X  , Y " (,   )
:      ,  
 :"  " ( , ,   ) : 
   
        :
1.   :
o "

























"
o :          ,   :    
     ?          
2.       :
o "






,








,







,









"
o :             ;  
         
3.    :
o



















o :           -  
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     :        , 
 
4.   
  ,            
             
        ,         
 ,   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
Easy2Siksha.com
5.    
               
       ,         , 
        
:      ,       
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃     
     ,          

1. :    ,        
2.  :        ,      
 
3.  :    ,      

1. :           , "
   "                
2.   : ,       ,  
  
3.   :-           
 ,             ?
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
   ,            
        :
 (    )
  ( )
 (-    )
  -,           
󽆪󽆫󽆬
                  
 :
     
       ,   
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       
    -          
   ,          ,      ,
            
  ,     :
, ,  , , 
-
7.      ?           
     
:      
       ,         , 
            ,       
 ,     " "       :     
          ?
                :  
   ?     ,      ,    
,             ?
       
1.    
              
  "" ,             , 
, ,          
            :
()   
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   :    ?        ,   
 -                  
,            
()    
      :       ?   
      ,     ,   
               
()   
  ,     ,            
        ,        
 
()   
  " "             
   ,   ,         
  
()     
          ,       
              , 
     
()    
        :      ? 
       ,        
  ,             
 
2.        ?
                 =  
    ,    ,      ,  
   :          ,   
-            :
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               
               

                 
 
            
3.       
        ,       ?  
"  "        
()  
              
           -  
  ,    - ,     
()  
         ,   
              ,
            
()   
             -  
 ,             
()   
                
,   ,         
 
()     
        ,      
                 
   
()    
Easy2Siksha.com
         ,       
  ,          
()  
   ,              
   ,          
4.    
     ,   -    -   
      ,         
          ,      
      ,           
"  "  ,    ,    
 ,             -
,           ,    
              
   ,      
                    

5.       
   , ,          
                
   
   ,    
   ,        
   ,         
               

Easy2Siksha.com
6. 
                
      , ,    ,   

    , "      ?"  , ""    ,
                , 
 , ,       
    ,          ,    
       
8.              
  
: :   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
                 
               
           ,      
            ,       
             
                
       ,   ,    
           
󹺢   ?
: ,        
             :   
   ?
  , ,           
 
      :
1.          
2. -        
3. -- " "
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4.      
󷇮󷇭      
               
1.      
              
 ,   ,          
 
: ,            - 
         ,        
:  ,          
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :            
2.   
           
      ,     

:            

:            

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :    (,      )  
   
3.       
        ,  -    
:      ,      ?  
      ?
:          
 :       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :             
4.    
     - , , 
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:COVID-19         ?
:  ,          
        
 : -     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :          
5.     
     
:            

:        
 :   .
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :        
6.     
     ,      
:        
:               

 : , -
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :        
7. -   
   
:   ,         
:          
 :, , 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :  -        
8.      
    , ,        
:        ,     
  
:            
     
Easy2Siksha.com
 :  .
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 : -        
9.    
       
:          ?
:             ,  
   
 :  .
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :            
10.  :     
,        ,     
: -       ?
:  (CRISPR) " "      
 :,       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :        
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   :  
  :   ,     
 :     ,       
  :      ,    

:           
󽆪󽆫󽆬
              
           , ,    
  
  - , ,  ,     ,  ,
,  , ,     -     
    
"              
     ,     "